Abstract
Internationally, human trafficking is usually defined officially as involving a range of exploitative scenarios: forced labor, sexual exploitation, illegal adoption, and organ sales are all commonly included. Each of these phenomena, while having some commonalities, also has many different characteristics. When the state or civil society tries to respond to “human trafficking,” it can be difficult to find an approach that works for all these scenarios. This chapter will discuss the strengths and weaknesses and the advantages and disadvantages of endeavoring to serve the differing populations of people affected by sexual exploitation versus labor trafficking. To substantiate our analysis, we will highlight the experiences of frontline workers by drawing on the findings of 79 interviews conducted in Canada with stakeholders and practitioners in the field. In the context of increased efforts worldwide to counteract trafficking in all its forms, with a notable growing attention to forced labor, this chapter will examine the challenges that arise from tackling diverse forms of trafficking, looking specifically at forced labor and sexual exploitation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agustín, LM (2007) Sex at the margins: Migration, labour markets and the rescue industry. Winnipeg: Zed Books.
Anderson, B (2007) A Very Private Business Exploring the Demand for Migrant Domestic Workers. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 14(3): 247–264.
Andrijasevic, R, & Mai, N (2016) Trafficking (in) Representations: Understanding the recurring appeal of victimhood and slavery in neoliberal times. Anti-Trafficking Review (7): 1–10.
Andrijasevic, R (2010) Migration, agency and citizenship in sex trafficking. Basingstoke [England] ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Brennan, D and S Plamblech (2018) ‘Editorial: Moving Forward – Life after Trafficking’, Anti-Trafficking Review (10):1–12.
Brunovskis, A and R Surtees (2012) Leaving the past behind? When victims of trafficking decline assistance Summary report A research cooperation between. Fafo AIS (Oslo) and NEXUS Institute (Washington).
Beatson, J, Hanley, J & Ricard-Guay, A (2017) The Intersection of Exploitation and Coercion in Cases of Canadian Labour Trafficking. Journal of Law and Social Policy (26): 137.
Choi-Fitzpatrick, A (2016) The Good, the Bad, the Ugly: Human Rights Violators in Comparative Perspective. Journal of Human Trafficking, 2(1): 1–14.
Com.Pact (2012) Guidance on representing trafficked persons in compensation claims. A practical tool for lawyers, counselling centres and service providers. La Strada International, Anti-Slavery International.
Dandurand, Y & Chin, V (2014) Uncovering Labour Trafficking in Canada: Regulators, Investigators, and Prosecutors. Ottawa: Public Safety Canada.
De Shalit, A, Heynen, R, & van der Meulen, E (2014) Human Trafficking and Media Myths: Federal Funding, Communication Strategies, and Canadian Anti-Trafficking Programs. Canadian Journal of Communication, 39(3).
Doezema, J (2010) Sex slaves and discourse masters : the construction of trafficking. London: New York : Zed Books.
European Commission (2015) Study on case-law on trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation.
FRA (2015) Severe labour exploitation: workers moving within or into the European Union. States’ obligations and victims’ rights. Vienna : European Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA).
Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW) (2007) Collateral Damage. The Impact of Anti-Trafficking Measures on Human Rights around the World. Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW).
Hanley, J, Oxman-Martinez, J, Lacrois, M, and Gal, S (2006) The “Deserving Undocumented?”: Government and Community Response to Human Trafficking as a Labour Phenomenon. Labour, Capital & Society 39(2): 78–103.
Hanley, J, Shragge, E, Rivard, A, and Koo, J (2012) “Good enough to work? Good enough to stay!” Organizing Temporary Foreign Workers. In C. Straehle and P. Lenard (eds.), Legislated Inequality, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p 245–271.
International Labour Organization (ILO) (2016) Social protection for domestic workers: Key policy trends and statistics. Social Protection Policy Paper No. Paper 16. Geneva: International Labour Organization (ILO).
Kaye, J (2017) Responding to Human Trafficking: Dispossession, Colonial Violence, and Resistance Among Indigenous and Racialized Women. University of Toronto Press.
Kempadoo, K, J Sanghera and B Pattanaik (Eds) (2012) Trafficking and prostitution reconsidered: New perspectives on migration, Sex Work and Human Rights. Second Edition. Boulder – London: Paradigm Publishers.
Marks, E & Olsen, A (2015) The Role of Trade Unions in Reducing Migrant Workers’ Vulnerability to Forced Labour and Human Trafficking in the Greater Mekong Subregion’, Anti-Trafficking Review (5): 111–128.
Maroukis, T (2016) Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector in the United Kingdom. DemandAT Country Study No. 7.
McGrath, S & Strauss, K (2015) Unfreedom and Workers’ Power: Ever-present Possibilities. In van der Pijl (ed) The International Political Economy of Production Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, p 299–317.
O’Connell Davidson, J & Anderson, B (2006) The trouble with ‘trafficking’. In Van den Anker, C L & J Doomernik (eds) Trafficking and women’s rights. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p 11–26.
Piper, N, M Segrave & R Napier-Moore (2015) ‘Editorial: What’s in a Name? Distinguishing forced labour, trafficking and slavery’, Anti-Trafficking Review (5): 1–9.
Plambech, S (2014) Between “Victims” and “Criminals”: Rescue, deportation, and everyday violence among Nigerian migrants, Social Politics 21(3): 382–402.
Ricard-Guay, A (2016) Trafficking in domestic work: Looking at the demand-side. Vienna: ICMPD. DemandAT Working Paper no 5.
Ricard-Guay, A & Hanley, J (2015). Frontline Responses to Human Trafficking: the coordination of services for victims in Canada. Montreal: CATHII.
Rijken, C (2011) Combating Trafficking in Human Beings for Labour Exploitation. Wolf Legal Publishers.
Rolland, C & Soova, K (2015) The Gaps in EU Policies on Migration, Trafficking and Victims’ Protection. PICUM's Blog, 13 July 2015. Platform International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants. Available at http://picum.org/en/news/blog/47817/. Accessed 12 June 2018.
Sanghera, J (2005) Unpacking the Trafficking Discourse. In K. Kempadoo (ed) Trafficking and prostitution reconsidered: New perspectives on migration, Sex Work and Human Rights. Paradigm Publishers, p 3–24.
Shamir, H. (2012) A labor paradigm for human trafficking. Ucla L Rev 60: 76.
Sikka, A (2013) Labour trafficking in Canada: Indicators, stakeholders, and investigative methods. No. Report no 42. Ottawa, Canada: Public Safety Canada, Law Enforcement and Policing Branch.
Skrivankova, K (2010) Between decent work and forced labour: examining the continuum of exploitation. JRF programme paper: Forced Labour. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Surtees, R (2018) At Home: Family reintegration of trafficked Indonesian men. Anti-Trafficking Review, Special Issue - Life After Trafficking (10): 70–87.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer International Publishing AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Ricard-Guay, A., Hanley, J. (2020). The Challenge of Addressing Both Forced Labor and Sexual Exploitation. In: Winterdyk, J., Jones, J. (eds) The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63058-8_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63058-8_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63057-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63058-8
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences